Stanford - South Africa Biomedical Informatics Program: About Biomedical Informatics

Stanford Biomedical Informatics Alumni 1982-2005

Russ Altman AB (Harvard); PhD (1989), MD (1990)
Current: Associate Professor of Genetics & Medicine, (and Computer Science, by courtesy), Stanford University
Research interests: Application of computer technology to problems in macromolecular structure prediction and sequence analysis. The uses of probabilistic constraint satisfaction paradigm in biology.
Suzanne Bakken RN, DNSc (UCSF); Postdoctoral fellow (1991-92)
Current: Professor of Nursing and of Medical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY
Research interests: Concept representation, decision support, evidence-based practice, web-based educational and behavioral interventions.
Thierry Barsalou MD (Paris); PhD (1990)
Current: Vice President, R&D Informatics, Ipsen (French pharmaceutical company)
Research interests: To exploit database and knowledge-based techniques for developing biomedical information systems. Basic research in database systems.
Ingo Beinlich MD (West Germany); MS (1993)
Current: Partner, CIDAR, San Mateo, CA
Research interests: Process anlaysis, software development, and strategic consulting for clinical research in the pharmaceutical industry. Emphasis on remote data entry, quality assurance and pharmaco-economic modelling.
Elmer Bernstam MD(Univ Michigan) MSE (Univ Michigan) MS (2001)
Board Certified, American Board of Internal Medicine
Current: Clinical Assistant Professor of Health Informatics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas at Houston
Research interests: Clinical information systems, knowledge representation and data visualization.
Daniel Berrios MD(Univ of Calif., SF) MPH (UC Berkeley) PhD (2001)
Completed residency in Clinical pathology (UCSF)
Current: Computer Scientist, NASA Ames Research Center (through Universities Space Research Association)
Research interests: Development of sophisticated web-based information indexing tools.
Elizabeth Burnside MD(Tufts) MPH (Tufts) MS (2000) - Board Certified, Radiology
Current: Chief of breast imaging, University of Wisconsin Hospital.
Research interests: Exploring use of patient registries to provide outcomes data to physicians to improve diagnostic accuracy and cost-effective utilization of imaging technology.
Carol Cheng Cain BS(Stanford), PhD (2003)
Current: Writer and independent consultant
Research interests: Developing representations to inform and support coordination and communication work in medical care teams.
Keith Campbell MD (Univ. Southern California); PhD (1997)
Current: Chief Technology Officer, Inoveon
Research interests: Management of controlled terminologies.
Albert ChanBS (Stanford); MD (UC San Diego), MS (2004) Board Certified Family Physician
Concurrently completed research fellowship in Department of Family and Community Medicine, UCSF (2002-2004)
Current:Physician and Electronic Medical Record Team, Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Research Interests: Clinical informatics including clinical information systems, clinical decision support, and patient/physician education.
Jeffrey Chang BS (Stanford), PhD (2003)
Current: Postdoc, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University
Research interests: Computational and statistical algorithms for biology, functional genomics, machine Learning, text mining, and software development.
Martin Chavez BS and SM (Harvard); PhD (1990) Current: Chief Executive Officer, Kiodex, Inc., New York
Research interests: Basic research in knowledge representation, acquisition, and fusion.
Richard Chen BS/MS (Stanford); MS (1998)
Current: Vice President, Product Strategy, Ingenuity Systems
Research interests: RNA and protein structure prediction.
Phillip Cheng MD (Yale) MS (2002)
Completed residency in Medicine (Hospital of University of Pennsylvania)
Current: Senior Fellow, Image Research Laboratory, University of Washington
Research and career goals: Clinical information systems, decision support, knowledge representation.
Homer Chin MD (Dartmouth); MS (1988)
Current: Medical Director for Clinical Information Systems (Kaiser Permanente Northwest Division)
Research interests: Development and implementation of clinical information systems.
Greg Cooper BS (MIT); PhD (1984), MD (1986)
Current: Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
Research interests: Addressing medical informatics problems using probability and decision theory.
Russ Cucina MD (UC Davis); BA (UC Berkeley); MS (2004)
Board Certified Internist
Current: Assistant Professor, Internal Medicine, UC San Francisco
Research Interests: Clinical informatics, including computerized provider order entry systems, decision support systems, knowledge
modeling, and information storage and retrieval.
Amar Das BA (Northwestern), MD(1997) PhD(2002)
Completed residency in Psychiatry (Columbia)
Current: Assistant Professor of Medicine and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medical Informatics, Stanford University
Research interests: Developing temporal database methods and modular decision-support systems, and using informatics in mental health services research.
H. Christian Davidson MD (University of Utah); MS (1993)
Current: Assistant Professor of Radiology, University of Utah; Chief of Radiology, VA Salt Lake City
Research interests: Radiological Informatics, digital imaging and PACS, computer-based education, head & neck radiology
William Detmer MD (Univ of Calif., SF); MS (1996)
Current: Clinical Assistant Professor in Department of Health Evaluations Sciences, University of Virginia. President, Unbound Medicine, Inc., Charlottesville
Research interests: Medical information retrieval; electronic medical publishing; integration of data and knowledge systems.
Stephen Downs BA (Colorado); MD (1985), MS (1986)
Current: Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University;
Associate Director for Decision Sciences, Regenstrief Institute for Health Care
Research interests: Decision analytic clinical guideline and data collection systems. Decision making in pediatrics. Curricula in medical informatics. Expected utility theory. Computer aided medical education.
Jonathan Dugan BA (Bowdoin College); MS (University of Texas); PhD (2002)
Current: Business Development, SRI International Biosciences Division
Research interests: protein and biomolecule structure modeling;data integration and knowledge modeling; non-linear numerical optimization; preclinical drug development.
John Egar MD (Case Western); PhD (1994)
Current: Programmer, Frontier Technology (currently at Roche Biosciences, Palo Alto)
Research interests: Development and building data-conversion and distributed-architecture software.
Brad Farr MD (University of Utah); PhD (1991)
Current: Physician Information Systems Director, Intermountain Health Care Inc., Salt Lake City Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Informatics, University of Utah
Research interests: Development of medical expert systems and psychology of decision making.
Ramon Felciano BA, BS (Stanford); PhD (2001)
Current: Chief Technology Officer & Chief Architect, InGenuity Systems, Inc.
Research interests: Development of systems to integrate information filtering and retrieval tools with conventional visual design and story-telling techniques, in order to build cohesive, interactive narratives that are easy to understand, scan and access.
Todd Ferris MD (University of Michigan); MS (2003)
Current: Director of Privacy and Data Security, IRT, Stanford University School of Medicine
Research interests: Biomedical Informatics
Chris Flowers BA (Stanford); MD/MS (1997)
Current: Assistant Professor, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta
Research interests: Current informatics work centers around developing integrated databases of cancer registry, clinical, and genetic information to facilitate investigation in oncology outcomes research, bioinformatics, and pharmacogenomics.
Doug Fridsma BS, MD (University of Michigan); PhD (2003)
Current: Assistant Professor of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh
Research interests: Development of computational tools based on formal organization theory to study technology introduction, clinical work processes, and collaboration between healthcare providers. Currently he is developing a simulation tool to model medical organizations and clinical work processes and using this tool to identify inefficiencies and error-prone processes within these organizations.
Mark Frisse MD, MBA (Washington Univ.); MS (1987)
Current: Vice President of Health Care Delivery, First Consulting Group
Research interests: Clinical information services for managed care clients.
Adam Galper BA (Yale); MS (1994)
Current: CTO and Vice President, Engineering; Xtime, Inc., Burlingame, California
Research interests: Modeling biological processes; intelligent instructional simulations; CAI.
Greg Garrison MD (University of Minnesota); MS (2003)
Board Certified, American Board of Family Practice
Current:Senior Associate Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Department of Family Medicine and Laboratory of Medical Informatics
Research interests: Focusing on ways to leverage an exisiting electronic medical record system for new initiatives in population based care. Also, providing mentorship for medical students and residents interested in primary care research and informatics.
David Gilbertson BBA (University of Georgia); MS (1993)
Current: Chief Information Officer, Tripler Army Medical Center and Pacific Regional Medical Command, Honolulu, Hawaii
Research interests: Knowledge representation and documentation vocabulary standards. Physician workstations.
Michael Goldbaum MD (Tulane); MS (1988)
Current: Professor of Ophthalmology, UC San Diego
Research interests: Relate MIS to eye research and surgery, including image analysis, image understanding applied to medical images.
Justin Graham MD (UCSF) MS (2002)
Current: Assoc. Medical Dir. for Quality and Informatics
Research interests: Automated surveillance for large epidemics and bioterrorism; evidence-based decision support for infectious disease patient management; clinical information systems integration; consumer informatics issues for health-care providers.
Michelle Green PhD (UCSF), MS (2003)
Current: Postdoc, SRI
Research interests: Prediction of protein function exploiting evolutionary and contextual information.
David Heckerman BS and MS (UCLA); PhD (1990); MD (1992)
Current: Manager, Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA
Research interests: Bayesian statistics, machine learning, and graphical models.
Eddie Herskovits MD (UCLA); PhD (1991)
Current: Associate Professor of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania
Research interests: The application of artificial intelligence techniques to problems in patient management, speech comprehension, visual perception.
Eric Horvitz BA (Binghamton University); PhD (1990), MD (1993)
Current: Senior Researcher, Decision Theory Group, Microsoft Research.
Research interests: Interested in endowing systems with the ability to reason about problem-solving tradeoffs; decision making under bounded resources, exploring techniques for optimizing performance through analysis of available computational resources and decision-support needs.
Cecil Huang BS (Carnegie Mellon); PhD (1999), MD (2000)
Current: Resident in Anesthesia, Harvard Medical Center, 2001-2004
Research Interests: Anesthesia; Medical Informatics; Operating-Room Management
Holly Jimison BS (Illinois); PhD (1990)
Current: Medical Informatics Investigator, Kaiser Center for Health research, Portland, Oregon
Assistant Professor (part time) in Medical Informatics at Oregon Health & Science University
Research interests: Systems for patient education, specifically, using decision theory models to tailor explanation to individual patients. Special interests: patient utility assessment, risk communication, medical ethics, computer generated explanation of decision models.
Kevin Johnson MD (Johns Hopkins); MS (1992)
Current: Associate Professor and Vice Chair, Dept. of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University
Research interests: Continuation of work evaluating advanced technologies and the ramifications of their use at the point of care. Also working on development of novel interfaces to improve the adoption of structured reporting tools, and an evaluation of handheld electronic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics.
Michael Kahn MD (UC San Diego); PhD UCSF (1988)
Current: Director of Research, Rodeer Systems, Boulder, CO
Research interests: Intelligent interfaces between medical databases and medical decision support systems with special interest in improving temporal reasoning and temporal representation capabilities of medical decision support.
Tod Klingler BS (Stanford); PhD (1996)
Current: Consultant
Research interests: Application of advanced techniques in computer science and information science in biotechnology and drug development, particularly in the uses of protein structure to design novel drugs.
Manon Kuilboer MD (Univ. of Utrecht), PhD (Erasmus University), MS (1993)
Current: Product Manager Medical Systems at Microbais Automatisering, BV, Amsterdam
Research interests: Decision support systems and their integration into users' daily workflow. Human-computer interface issues. Critiquing systems. Family practice, nursing home care, and pediatrics.
Curt Langlotz AB, MS (Stanford); MD/PhD (1989)
Current: Active board-certified radiologist, Assistant Professor of Radiology, Epidemiology, and Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania. President, eDictation, Inc.
Research interests: Structured data entry, medical imaging vocabulary, diagnostic decision support, evaluation of information systems.
Harold Lehmann MD (Columbia); PhD (1991)
Board Certified Pediatrician
Current: Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Joint with Biomedical Information Sciences and Health Policy and Management.
Research interests: Intelligent processing of medical literature; Bayesian belief networks.
Leslie Lenert MD (UCLA); MS (1990)
Current: Associate Professor in Residence of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System
Research interests: Preference assessment and its applications in decision analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of pharmaceuticals. Applications of medical informatics in quality assessment and improvement.
Richard Lin MD and MPH (UCSF); MS (1990)
Current: Assistant Professor, Division of Hematology, SUNY Stony Brook
Research interests: Molecular mechanisms that regulate cell growth.
Xiaole Liu BA (Smith College); PhD (2002)
Current: Assistant Professor, Dana Farber Cancer Institute & Biostatistics Dept, School of Public Health, Harvard
Research Interests: Applications of computational and statistical methods in biological sequence analysis, gene regulation identification, and genome annotation; database integration, information sharing and retrieval, especially in the field of bioinformatics.
Janet McLaughlin MS (UC Davis); MS (1987)
Current: Consultant, Videre Design
Research interests: First, to develop low-cost, high-volume, commercial medical software applications for hand-held PCs that can be proven to improve efficiency and reduce medical costs. Second, to integrate biosensors with hand-held devices.
John Michon MD (Univ. Illinois); MS (2001)
Diplomate, American board of Ophthalmology
Current: Chief of Oculoplastic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
Research interests: Medical imaging and image databases, ophthalmic genomics and bioinformatics.
David Millis MD (Howard); MS (1992)
Current: Fellow in Administrative Psychiatry, University of Maryland Medical Center
Research interests: Case-based reasoning, hypertext, computer applications in medical education.
Joseph Norman AB (Harvard); PhD (2002)
Current: Resident, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor
Research interests: Application of medical informatics to health-care policy.
Mark Musen MD (Brown); PhD (1988) Board-Certified Internist
Current: Professor of Medicine, Stanford University
Research interests: Medical data base and knowledge base applications, emphasizing intractive environments for knowledge base entry and maintenance.
Lucila Ohno-Machado MD, MHA (Univ. of Sao Paulo); PhD (1996)
Current: Research Associate, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School
Research interests: Development of neural networks and other classification systems for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Design and evaluation of decision-support systems.
Diane Oliver MD(Vanderbilt); PhD (2000) Board Certified, American Board of Internal Medicine
Current: Research Director, Institute for the Future
Research Interests: Health care and technology trends and forecasts, consumer informatics, nutrigenomics, text processing of biomedical texts, terminology standards
David Paik BS/MS (Stanford); PhD (2002)
Current:Postdoctoral scholar, Radiological Sciences Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University.
Research interests: Medical imaging and image processing with special interest in 3D visualization of MR and CT data.
Leslie Perreault BA (Stanford); MS (1987)
Current: Writer and independant consultant, California.
Research interests: Information technology strategic planning for integrated health care delivery systems; computer-based patient records; integrated information systems for clinical, managed care, and strategic decision making.
Ricardo Peverini MD (Loma Linda); MS (1992)
Current: Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Chief, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University
Research interests: Decision support in neonatal intensive care unit, alert and alarm methodologies, documentation tools.
Ramani Pichumani MSEE, EngrD (Stanford); PhD (1996)
Current: Senior Member of Consulting Staff, Analog Mixed Signal Solutions R&D, Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
Research interests: Design of algorithms and knowledge-based techniques for visualization of medical data and for modeling and analysis of human anatomy (in particular, the CNS).
Jeanette Polaschek BSN and MS (Boston University); MS (1990)
Current: Director, Informatics, Cedars-Sinai Health System, Los Angeles
Research interests: Design and development of applications that assist clinicians with direct patient care activities.
Alex Poon BA (Stanford); PhD (1996)
Current: Senior UI designer and engineer, eBay
Research interests: Development of patient interviewing systems using medical expert systems and speech recognition. Also interested in human-computer interaction, pen-based computing.
Malcolm Pradhan MDBS (Australia); PhD (1997)
Current: Director of Medical Informatics, Adelaide University
Research interests: Exploration of decision theoretic methods to medical decision making and computer-aided instruction. Academic medical informatics and medical education.
Wanda Pratt MS (Univ. of Texas); PhD (1999)
Current: Assistant Professor, Information School and Division of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Washington
Research interests: Utilizing large knowledge-based systems to integrate medical information from a variety of sources and use that information in building general tools for diagnosis, therapy planning and reevaluation.
Gretchen Purcell BS (Stanford); MD/PhD (1996)
Current: Assistant Research Professor, Surgery and Clinical Informatics, Duke University. Information Architect, Unbound Medicine
Research interests: Utility assessment and decision models for pancreatic cancer therapy,information architectures for electronic publishing, evidence-based practice in surgery, nutrition and bariatric surgery.
Soumya Raychaudhuri BA/BS (SUNY Buffalo); PhD (2002)
Current: Completing Stanford medical school
Research Interests: Applying computational and mathematical paradigms to problems in biology and medicine.
John Reed BS, MBA (University of Michigan); MS (1989)
Current: Managing Director, Risk Management Solutions, Inc, Newark CA.
Research interests: Use modelling techniques to identify and predict trends of disease; design of decision-making tools for critical settings (such as the ICU).
Glenn Rennels MD (Dartmouth); PhD (1986)
Current: Chief Technology Officer and senior physician (Anesthesiology), Permanente Medical Group; Consulting assistant professor (Medicine), Stanford University
Research interests: Computational models of the clinical literature; controlled medical terminology development; clinical databases.
Daniel Rubin MD (Stanford); MS (2000) Board Certified Radiology
Current: Research Scientist, Stanford Biomedical Informatics
Research interests: Building knolwedge bases for pharmacogenomics and integrating information from diverse genetic and clinical data sources; developing methods for deducing genotype/phenotype relationships in pharmacogenomics databases. Also interested in applying machine learning techniques such as bayesian networks to discover patterns in pharmacogenomics data as well as for decision support of medical treatment.
Don Rucker MD (Univ.of Pennsylvania); MBA(1987), MS(1988)
Current: Vice President/Chief Medical Officer, Siemens Medical Solutions Health Services Corp.
Research interests: Using Medical Informatics and AI program design skills to develop clinical software with a focus on managing volumes of clinical data rather than diagnosis. Speech recognition and graphical user interfaces.
Geoffrey Rutledge MD and CM (McGill); PhD (1995)
Board-Certified in Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine
Current: Consultant
Research interests: Computer-assisted medical decision making, especially computer assisted diagnostic evaluation tools for information and reference management.
Gillian Sanders AB (Princeton); PhD (1998)
Current: Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Duke University
Research interests: Medical decision making and automated development of clinical-practice guidelines from evidence-based decision models.
Scott Schmidler BA (UC Berkeley) PhD (2002)
Current: Assistant Professor, Statistics and Decision Sciences, Duke University
Research Interests: Bioinformatics; methodological research in computational molecular biology and statistical genomics. Development of computational and statistical models for protein sequence, structure, and dynamics.
George C. Scott BS (Carnegie Mellon); PhD (2002)
Current: Completing Stanford medical school.
Research interests: Decision support frameworks: issues involved in design and integration with electronic medical record systems and knowledge bases, impact on quality, cost-effectiveness, and delivery of health care, and acceptance in the practice of medicine.
Yuval Shahar MD (Hebrew Univ., Israel), MS (Yale); PhD (1994)
Current: Associate Professor, Head, Medical Informatics Research Center Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Research interests: Medical computer science research. Emphasis on AI techniques, in particular planning and knowledge acquisition, as well as computer- theoretical considerations.
Eric Sherman MD (NYU); MS (1990)
Current: Private practice, New York City
Research interests: Developing and applying decision support tools in the Arden Syntax, vocabulary design and development, and using the medical dictionary to advance decision support.
Smadar Shiffman MS (Tel Aviv Univ., Israel); PhD (1999)
Current: Senior Scientist, NASA
Research interests: Biomedical image analysis and pattern recognition.
John Shon AB (Harvard); MD (Stanford); MS (2000)
Board Certified, American Board of Internal Medicine
Current: Senior Director, Informatics and Regulatory Affairs, GenVault Corporation
Research interests: Production of applications to support genetics, genomics, and clinical research and practice. Biomedical database integration, pharmacogenetics, tissue repositories, gene expression analysis and clinical decision support.
Edward H. Shortliffe AB (Harvard, 1970); PhD (1975); MD (1976)
Current: Professor and Chair, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University; Deputy Vice President for Strategic Information Resources, Columbia University Medical Center.
Research interests: Clinical decision support, automation of clinical practice guidelines, Internet-supported health-care and information delivery; Federal health information technology policy.
Michael Shwe BS (Stanford); MS (1990)
Current: Development Manager, Automation Strategies at Kana Communications
Research interests: Development of decision-theoretic decision-support tools.
Ida Sim MD (Stanford); PhD (1997)
Current: Assistant Professor of Medicine, UCSF
Research interests: Knowledge representation of clinical trials; electronic knowledge-based publication; computing infrastructures for evidence-based decision making.
Amit Singh BS (Univ Texas, Austin); PhD (2003)
Current: Co-Founder and CTO, Peribit Networks, Inc.
Research interests: Computational molecular biology and the analysis of protein sequences and their structure and function.
Howard Strasberg MD (Canada); MS (2000)
Current: President, SKOLAR Inc., Palo Alto
Research interests: Information retrieval systems, in-context CME, EMR integration with IR systems, concept searching, related articles.
Josh Stuart BA/BS (University of Colorado), PhD (2003)
Current:Assistant Professor, UC Santa Cruz
Research interests: Computational approaches to biological sequence analysis-protein folding, gene identification, RNA folding.
Jaap Suermondt BS and MS (Stanford); PhD(1992)
Current: Project Scientist, Hewlett-Packard Labs
Research interests: Decision-support systems, probabilistic reasoning, data mining, machine learning.
Walter Sujansky AB (Harvard); PhD (1996)
Current: Sujansky & Associates, LLC, San Carlos, CA
Research interests: Consulting in healthcare informatics and software development.
George Thomsen MD (Loma Linda); MS (1989)
Current: Private practice Pulmonary Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
Research interests: Studies in pulmonary and critical care medicine. Clinical outcomes and protocol-based control of clinical care.
Rhea Tombropolos BA (Harvard); PhD (1997)
Current: Software engineer, Stentor, Inc.
Research interests: Computer modelling of biological processes.
Maria Tovar MS in EES (Stanford); MS (1992), PhD (1999)
Current: Performance Engineer, NVIDIA
Research interests: Performance analysis of graphics hardware and algorithms, tuning image-processing algorithms for computer-graphics applications.
Olga Troyanskaya BS (University of Richmond), PhD (2003)
Current: Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Lewis-Singer Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University
Research interests: Computational analysis of genomes to interpret genomic sequence and to study relationships among sequence, structure, and function. Automated genome annotation. Use of compuatational and biological lab techniques studying genetic diseases.
Michael Walker BS (Queen's Univ); PhD (1992)
Current: Consulting biostatistician, Sunnyvale, California
Research interests: Statistical applications in MIS, molecular biology, and clinical trials.
Joan Walton BA (Swarthmore); MS (1988)
Current: Computer Scientist, NASA
Research interests: Accelerating industry's integration and use of NASA numerical modeling technology through intelligent computational systems.
James Ze Wang BS (Univ. Minnesota); MS, MSCS (1997) PhD (2000)
Current: Assistant Professor, Pennsylvania State School of Information Sciences and Technology
Research Interests: Multimedia database and medical database management, indexing and retrieval.
Liping Wei BS, China ; MS, Brown University; PhD (1999)
Current: Principal Scientist, Consulting informatics scientist, Nexus Genomics, Inc.
Research Interests: Informatics algorithms, applications, infrastructure, and biological discoveries in sequence analysis, gene expression analysis, and protein structure modeling.
Isabelle de Zegher-Geets MD, MS (Belgium); MS (1987)
Current: Global Head Electronic Document Management, UCB Pharma, Medical and Regulatory Department
Research interests: Medical imaging, computer-assisted surgery, and medical robotics.

This work supported by the NIH/Fogarty International Center under grant D43 TW00699